The Application Context

The application context keeps track of the application-level data during a request, CLI command, or other activity. Rather than passing the application around to each function, the current_app and g proxies are accessed instead.

This is similar to the The Request Context, which keeps track of request-level data during a request. A corresponding application context is pushed when a request context is pushed.

Purpose of the Context

The Flask application object has attributes, such as config, that are useful to access within views and CLI commands. However, importing the app instance within the modules in your project is prone to circular import issues. When using the app factory pattern or writing reusable blueprints or extensions there won’t be an app instance to import at all.

Flask solves this issue with the application context. Rather than referring to an app directly, you use the current_app proxy, which points to the application handling the current activity.

Flask automatically pushes an application context when handling a request. View functions, error handlers, and other functions that run during a request will have access to current_app.

Flask will also automatically push an app context when running CLI commands registered with Flask.cli using @app.cli.command().

Lifetime of the Context

The application context is created and destroyed as necessary. When a Flask application begins handling a request, it pushes an application context and a request context. When the request ends it pops the request context then the application context. Typically, an application context will have the same lifetime as a request.

See The Request Context for more information about how the contexts work and the full life cycle of a request.

Manually Push a Context

If you try to access current_app, or anything that uses it, outside an application context, you’ll get this error message:

RuntimeError: Working outside of application context.

This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that
needed to interface with the current application object in some way.
To solve this, set up an application context with app.app_context().

If you see that error while configuring your application, such as when initializing an extension, you can push a context manually since you have direct access to the app. Use app_context() in a with block, and everything that runs in the block will have access to current_app.

def create_app():
    app = Flask(__name__)

    with app.app_context():
        init_db()

    return app

If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to configuring the application, it most likely indicates that you should move that code into a view function or CLI command.

Storing Data

The application context is a good place to store common data during a request or CLI command. Flask provides the g object for this purpose. It is a simple namespace object that has the same lifetime as an application context.

Note

The g name stands for « global », but that is referring to the data being global within a context. The data on g is lost after the context ends, and it is not an appropriate place to store data between requests. Use the session or a database to store data across requests.

A common use for g is to manage resources during a request.

1. get_X() creates resource X if it does not exist, caching it as g.X.

2. teardown_X() closes or otherwise deallocates the resource if it exists. It is registered as a teardown_appcontext() handler.

For example, you can manage a database connection using this pattern:

from flask import g

def get_db():
    if 'db' not in g:
        g.db = connect_to_database()

    return g.db

@app.teardown_appcontext
def teardown_db():
    db = g.pop('db', None)

    if db is not None:
        db.close()

During a request, every call to get_db() will return the same connection, and it will be closed automatically at the end of the request.

You can use LocalProxy to make a new context local from get_db():

from werkzeug.local import LocalProxy
db = LocalProxy(get_db)

Accessing db will call get_db internally, in the same way that current_app works.

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If you’re writing an extension, g should be reserved for user code. You may store internal data on the context itself, but be sure to use a sufficiently unique name. The current context is accessed with _app_ctx_stack.top. For more information see Flask Extension Development.

Events and Signals

The application will call functions registered with teardown_appcontext() when the application context is popped.

If signals_available is true, the following signals are sent: appcontext_pushed, appcontext_tearing_down, and appcontext_popped.